paper
arXiv stat.ML
November 11th, 2026 at 5:00 AM

Gaussian mixture models in Hilbert spaces via kernel methods

arXiv:2605.05996v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Modern datasets across many disciplines increasingly consist of time-evolving, potentially infinite-dimensional random objects, such as dynamic functional data, which are naturally modeled in Hilbert spaces. In these settings, characterizing probability measures, for example, through densities, can be ill-defined or technically challenging. Motivated by clustering applications, we propose a Gaussian mixture framework for Hilbert-space-valued data based on kernel mean embeddings and develop efficient optimization algorithms for estimation. We establish theoretical guarantees showing that the proposed algorithm is well-defined and that the model yields a dense class of approximations in infinite-dimensional spaces. We evaluate the framework through extensive experiments on diverse data geometries, including $L^2$-functional data and graph signals arising in modern medical applications.

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Canonical link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05996