arXiv:2510.16822v4 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Coral reef monitoring requires scalable recognition of visually similar taxa across heterogeneous underwater surveys. We introduce ReefNet, a public dataset that aligns approximately 925K hard-coral point annotations from 76 CoralNet sources and an independently collected Al-Wajh dataset with the World Register of Marine Species taxonomy. A stratified expert audit of 8,962 patches guides filtering to a 479,027-annotation benchmark with 39 labels: 38 genera and the family Fungiidae. Expert agreement is 92% on the retained audit subset, rather than an exhaustive accuracy estimate. We evaluate pretrained models through zero-shot recognition, few-shot adaptation, and full fine-tuning, each on within-source ReefNet and held-out-source Al-Wajh tests. Biological vision-language pretraining provides the strongest zero-shot results; supervised adaptation substantially improves recognition, with DINOv2 reaching 65.79% macro recall on Al-Wajh. Matched text-description experiments improve all four evaluated MLLMs on Al-Wajh, while a GPT-5.4 reasoning ablation does not improve over direct classification. Long-tail recognition, label uncertainty, and geographic imbalance remain challenges. ReefNet provides a taxonomically grounded resource for studying these challenges; the Al-Wajh test is a regional stress test rather than evidence of global robustness. Public data and resource links are documented in the supplement.